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Оригинальный адрес: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township • Сохранено в архиве КОНТЕКСТ: 2026-11-09

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Type of settlement or urban area For other uses, see Township (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with Dispersed settlement . Part of a series on Human settlement Settlement hierarchy - Hamlet - Village - Town - City - Conurbation - Metropolis - Metropolitan area - Megacity - Megalopolis Theories - Central place theory ( Christaller ) - Ekistics ( Doxiadis ) Lists - Largest cities - Densest neighborhoods - Densest cities proper - Densest metro areas Cities portal - v - t - e A **township** is a form of human settlement or administrative subdivision . Its exact definition varies among countries. Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area , this tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia , Canada , Scotland , and parts of the United States , the term refers to settlements too small or scattered to be considered urban. ### Australia [ edit ] See also: Suburbs and localities (Australia) *The Australian National Dictionary* defines a township as "a site reserved for and laid out as a town ; such a site at an early stage of its occupation and development; a small town". [ 1 ] The term refers purely to the settlement; it does not refer to a unit of government. Townships are governed as part of a larger council (such as that of a shire , district or city ) or authority. [ 2 ] ### Canada Main article: Township (Canada) See also: Dominion Land Survey In Canada , two kinds of township occur in common use: - In Eastern Canada , a township is one form of the subdivision of a county . In Canadian French , this is a *canton* . Townships are referred to as "lots" in Prince Edward Island ; they merely form census subdivisions and are not administrative units. In Canada, a municipality is a city, town, township, county, or regional municipality which has been incorporated by statute by the legislatures of the provinces and territories . - In Western Canada , townships exist only for the purpose of land division by the Dominion Land Survey and do not form administrative units. These townships are nominally six miles by six miles (36 square miles, or roughly 93 km 2 ). Townships are designated by their township number and range number. Township 1 is the first north of the First Base Line, and the numbers increase to the north. While not an administrative unit, Alberta and Saskatchewan do have numbered township and range roads in rural areas based on the old Dominion Land Survey. In Saskatchewan and Manitoba , rural municipalities , township-like administrative units below the provincial level, are made up of groups of said surveyed townships. ### China Main article: Townships of the People's Republic of China As defined by the Constitution of China , a township is one of the possible third-level administrative divisions of the country, directly below a county . [ 3 ] ### India In India , townships are found at the fourth level of the city. ### Jersey In Jersey , *township* is a redundant term, as the only surviving local government level at present are the 12 parishes of the island. ### Malaysia Main article: Mukim In Malaysia , townships are found at the third level of the administrative hierarchy , is a subdivision of a *daerah* ( district or county ) or autonomous sub-district (*daerah kecil* ), while above *kampung* ( village ) and *taman* (residential neighbourhood) as defined in the National Land Code , adopted in 1965. ### New Zealand In New Zealand , towns and townships no longer exist; all land is part of either a city , which is mostly urban, or a district , which is mostly rural. Since 1979, municipalities have existed in New Zealand but are rare and not formally defined legally. As a term, however, townships are still in common usage in New Zealand, used in referring to a small town or urban community located in a rural area. The term is generally comparable to that of a village in England. [ 4 ] ### Pakistan Main article: Tehsil [</span>icon<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"mwfA\">]</span>","txt":"[icon]"}]}'> **This section is empty.** You can help by adding to it . *(March 2023)* ### Philippines In the Philippines , townships refer to administrative divisions established during the American Civil Government in the country. Many of these political divisions were originally established as rancherias during the Spanish Regime . The term was later replaced with " municipal district ". [ 5 ] Most municipal districts would later be converted into regular municipalities by executive orders from the Philippine president. [ 6 ] Mambukal , a hill station geographically located in Murcia, Negros Occidental , is the only legally constituted township in the Philippines, created under Republic Act No. 1964, approved in June 1957. [ *citation needed* ] As a term, the word "township" in the Philippines is used to refer to new developments with their own amenities, including both vertical and horizontal projects. The modern and largest townships in the Philippines are New Clark City with 9,450 hectares in Capas of Tarlac , Hamilo Coast with 5,900 hectares in Nasugbu of Batangas , Nuvali with 2,290 hectares in Santa Rosa of Laguna , Lancaster New City with 2,000 hectares in Kawit Imus GenTri of Cavite , Vista City with 1,500 hectares in Las Piñas Muntinlupa of Metro Manila , and Dasmariñas of Cavite, Twin Lakes with 1,149 hectares in Tagaytay of Cavite and Alviera with 1,125 hectares in Porac of Pampanga . The majority of the current townships are near Metro Manila, which permits faster access to the capital region by road or rail transport. ### Post-Soviet countries Main article: Urban-type settlement The former Russian Empire , Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States states is sometimes used to denote a small semi-urban, sometimes industrial, settlement and used to translate the terms *поселок городского типа* ( townlet ), *посад* (*posad* ), *местечко* (*mestechko*, from Polish " *miasteczko* ", a small town; in the cases of predominant Jewish population the latter is sometimes translated as shtetl ). [ *citation needed* ] ### South Africa Main article: Township (South Africa) Khayelitsha , a township in South Africa In South Africa under apartheid , the term "township" was used to describe residential developments that confined non-Whites, including Blacks, Coloureds, and Indians, living near or working in White-only communities. Soweto and Mdantsane were both prominent townships under apartheid. The term also has a precise legal meaning and is used on land titles in all areas regardless of the demographics of the respective region. [ 7 ] ### Taiwan Main article: Township (Taiwan) In Taiwan , townships are administered by a county together with a county-administered city . There are three types of townships in Taiwan: urban townships, rural townships, and mountain indigenous townships. Mountain indigenous townships are those with significant populations of Taiwanese aborigines . ### Thailand Main article: Tambon [</span>icon<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"mw3A\">]</span>","txt":"[icon]"}]}'> **This section is empty.** You can help by adding to it . *(March 2023)* ### United Kingdom #### England Main article: Township (England) Township boundary marker at Mungrisdale, Cumbria. The marker has been restored for historical purposes. In England , the term "township" is no longer in official use, but still maintains some meaning, typically used to describe subdivisions of large parishes for administrative purposes. [ 8 ] This definition became legally obsolete at the end of the 19th century when local government reform converted many townships that had been subdivisions of ancient parishes into the newer civil parishes , which formally separated the connection between the ecclesiastical functions of ancient parishes and the civil administrative functions that had been introduced in these areas beginning in the 16th century. As of the 21st century, some councils, mostly in Northern England , have revived the term. #### Scotland Main article: Township (Scotland) In Scotland , the term is still used for some rural settlements. In parts of the Highlands and Islands , a township is a crofting settlement. In the Highlands generally the term may describe a very small agrarian community . #### Wales In Wales , the term "township" is used to describe a population center created by an Act of Parliament in 1539, such as the Townships in Montgomeryshire . ### United States Main article: Township (United States) In the United States , a township is a subdivision of a county and is usually 36 square miles (about 93 square kilometres) in area. [ 9 ] There are two types of townships in the United States : civil and survey. A state may have one or both types. In states that have both, the boundaries often coincide in many counties. - A civil township is a unit of local government in the U.S., which is subordinate to a county . Specific responsibilities and the degree of autonomy vary based on the laws of the respective state . In many states, townships are organized and operate under the authority of state statutes, similar to counties. In others, townships operate as municipal corporations, which are chartered entities with a degree of home rule. [ *citation needed* ] Notable exceptions include New Jersey and Pennsylvania , where townships are a class of incorporation with fixed boundaries and equal standing to a village, town, borough, or city, analogous to a New England town or towns in New York . - A survey township is a unit of land measure defined by the Public Land Survey System , which in many states has no governmental function. #### Puerto Rico In the first U.S. census of Puerto Rico , the population centers known as townships were referred to as " barrios ," a term first used when Puerto Rico was under Spanish colonial rule . [ 10 ] Like townships in most U.S. states, barrios are subdivisions and function as municipalities . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ### Vietnam In Vietnam , a commune-level town ( *thị trấn* ) is similar to a township; it is a subdivision of a rural district ( *huyện* ) and is the lowest administration subdivision in the country. [ *citation needed* ] ### Zimbabwe In Zimbabwe , the term township was used for segregated parts of suburban areas. During colonial years in Rhodesia , the term *township* referred to a residential area reserved for Black citizens within the boundaries of a city or town and is still commonly used colloquially. This reflected the South African usage. In present-day Zimbabwe, the term is also used to refer to a residential area within close proximity of a rural growth point. [ 13 ] ### See also - Croft (Scotland) - Market town - Shtetl - Townland - Urban-type settlement ### References - ↑ "Township" . *Australian National Dictionary*. Oxford University Press. 2022 . Retrieved 22 June 2022 . To those unacquainted with Australian colloquialisms the word 'township' is misleading. One is reluctant to give to a little hamlet , containing barely a dozen houses, a title which would more properly apply to a town of moderate size. But, nevertheless, of that character are the majority of colonial townships. - ↑ "},"date":{"wt":"2016"},"website":{"wt":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},"access-date":{"wt":"22 June 2022"}},"i":0}}]}'/> "Australian Statistical Geography Standard" . *Australian Bureau of Statistics*. 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2022 . - ↑ "Constitution" . *en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn* . Retrieved 2026-03-16 . - ↑ Baker, Carl (21 June 2018). "City & Town Classification of Constituencies & Local Authorities" . *Commons Library, UK Parliament* . Retrieved 26 June 2022 . - ↑ Keesing, Felix Maxwell; Keesing, Marie Margaret; Keesing, Marie Martin (1934). *Taming Philippine Headhunters: A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon* . Stanford University Press. p. 104. ISBN 97808047211

Оригинальный адрес: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_9 • Сохранено в архиве КОНТЕКСТ: 2026-11-09

District 9 - Wikipedia Jump to content From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2009 film by Neill Blomkamp For other uses, see District 9 (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with Section 9 . \n}}"},"music":{"wt":"[Clinton Shorter]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scifibulletin.com/us-tv/the-expanse-interview-composer-clinton-shorter/ |title=The Expanse: Interview: Composer Clinton Shorter |last=Simpson |first=Paul |website=SciFi Bulletin |date=21 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205114059/https://scifibulletin.com/us-tv/the-expanse-interview-composer-clinton-shorter/ |archive-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmmusicmag.com/?p=3804 |title=CD Review: District 9 |last=Schweiger |first=Daniel |date=12 September 2009 |website=Film Music Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905205842/http://www.filmmusicmag.com/?p=3804 |archive-date=5 September 2013}}</ref>"},"cinematography":{"wt":"[Trent Opaloch]"},"editing":{"wt":"[Julian Clarke]"},"production_companies":{"wt":"{{Plainlist| \n* [QED International]\n* [WingNut Films]\n}}"},"distributor":{"wt":"{{Plainlist|\n* [TriStar Pictures] (English-speaking territories, through [Sony Pictures Releasing]<ref name=\"Mojo\"/>)\n* QED International (International)\n}}"},"released":{"wt":"{{Film date|df=yes|2009|7|23|[San Diego Comic Con|SDCC]|2009|08|13|[New Zealand]|2009|08|14|[United States]}}"},"runtime":{"wt":"112 minutes<!-- Theatrical runtime: 112:06 --><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/district-9-2009-0 |title=District 9 |website=[British Board of Film Classification] |date=21 July 2009 |access-date=4 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170539/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/district-9-2009-0 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>"},"country":{"wt":"{{Plainlist|\n* New Zealand<ref name=\"BFI\">{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b8d56672d |title=District 9 (2009) |website=[British Film Institute] |access-date=1 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140106/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b8d56672d |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>\n* United States<ref name=\"BFI\" />\n* South Africa<ref name=\"BFI\" />\n}}"},"language":{"wt":"English <!-- primary language only -->"},"budget":{"wt":"$30 million<ref name=\"Mojo\">{{cite web |title=District 9 (2009) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=district9.htm |website=[Box Office Mojo] |access-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716064211/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=district9.htm |archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>"},"gross":{"wt":"$210.8 million<ref name=\"Mojo\" />"}},"i":0}}]}'> District 9 Theatrical release poster Directed by Neill Blomkamp Written by - Neill Blomkamp - Terri Tatchell Based on *Alive in Joburg* [ a ] by Neill Blomkamp Produced by - Peter Jackson - Carolynne Cunningham Starring - Sharlto Copley - Jason Cope - David James - Vanessa Haywood - Mandla Gaduka - Kenneth Nkosi - Eugene Khumbanyiwa - Louis Minnaar - William Allen Young Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Julian Clarke Music by Clinton Shorter [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Production companies - QED International - WingNut Films Distributed by - TriStar Pictures (English-speaking territories, through Sony Pictures Releasing [ 3 ] ) - QED International (International) Release dates - 23 July 2009 ( 2009-07-23 ) ( SDCC ) - 13 August 2009 ( 2009-08-13 ) ( New Zealand ) - 14 August 2009 ( 2009-08-14 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes [ 4 ] Countries - New Zealand [ 5 ] - United States [ 5 ] - South Africa [ 5 ] Language English Budget $30 million [ 3 ] Box office $210.8 million [ 3 ] ***District 9*** is a 2009 science fiction action film directed and co-written by Neill Blomkamp . The film stars Sharlto Copley , Jason Cope , and David James , and was adapted from Blomkamp's 2005 short film *Alive in Joburg*. The film is partially presented in a mockumentary format by featuring fictional interviews, news footage, and video from surveillance cameras. It begins in an alternate 1982, when an alien spaceship appears over Johannesburg , South Africa. When a population of diseased and malnourished insectile and crustaceous aliens are discovered on the ship, the South African government confines the asylum seekers to an internment camp called District 9. The title and premise of *District 9* were predominantly inspired by events in Cape Town 's District Six , while apartheid still existed. The film explores themes of humanity , racism , xenophobia , social segregation , and medical torture . *District 9* premiered on 23 July 2009 at San Diego Comic-Con, and was released in New Zealand on 13 August, the United States on 14 August and South Africa on 28 August, by TriStar Pictures . It received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success, earning $211 million on a budget of $30 million. It garnered numerous award nominations, including Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Visual Effects , and Best Film Editing . ### Plot [ edit ] In 1982, an extraterrestrial mothership arrives and hovers over Johannesburg , South Africa . Inside, an investigation team finds over a million starved insectoid and crustacean -like aliens and the South African government voluntarily relocates the asylum seekers to a refugee camp called *District 9*. 28 years later, *District 9* becomes both a ghetto and a shanty town , and humans come to view the aliens, derogatorily called " prawns ," as filthy, violent animals who bleed resources from them. The Prawns have been systematically reduced to second-class citizens there and have been known to consume canned cat food . Following unrest between the aliens and humans, the government hires the Multinational United (MNU), a large defense contractor, to forcibly relocate the extraterrestrials to a labour camp outside the city. Piet Smit, an MNU executive, appoints his son-in-law and MNU bureaucrat, Wikus van de Merwe, to lead the forced relocation . Meanwhile, three aliens, Christopher Johnson, his young son CJ, and Paul search a *District 9* refuse dump for Prawn technology; Christopher has spent the last 20 years synthesizing fuel from their contents. They finally fill an entire container in Paul's shack as the relocation begins, but when Wikus comes to serve Paul a notice, he finds the hidden container and accidentally sprays some fuel into his face. Koobus Venter, a cruel MNU mercenary who is speciesist against the Prawns, kills Paul. Wikus begins mutating into a Prawn, starting with his left arm that was injured after the exposure. He is taken to an underground MNU lab, where researchers discover his hybrid DNA grants Wikus the ability to operate Prawn weaponry, which is biologically restricted from humans. When there, Wikus discovers the grisly medical experiments, including vivisections the scientists were performing on the Prawns. Seeing the potential for profitable weapons research, Smit orders Wikus's organs to be harvested for genetic material. Wikus, however, overpowers the lab personnel and escapes. While Venter's forces hunt him, a fake news story is broadcast claiming Wikus is a wanted fugitive, who has contracted a contagious disease from copulating with extraterrestrials. Wikus takes refuge in *District 9*, finding Christopher and the spaceship's command module dropship concealed underneath his shack. Christopher explains that the confiscated fuel is needed to reactivate the dropship, which can then dock with the mothership. This would allow Christopher to rescue his species and return home, and cure Wikus with the equipment onboard. Encouraged by a phone call from his wife, Tania, Wikus steals powerful alien weapons from Obasanjo, a Nigerian crime lord who believes that eating Wikus' alien arm will grant him alien abilities. Wikus and Christopher attack the MNU and retrieve the fuel from the underground lab, where Christopher is horrified by the vivisections and other brutal medical experiments the MNU has performed on his species. Returning to the shack, Christopher decides that he must leave Earth immediately and return with help, therefore he must postpone curing Wikus's condition for up to three years. Unsatisfied with that answer, Wikus knocks Christopher unconscious and attempts to fly the module to the mothership, but Venter has it shot down. Venter captures Wikus and Christopher, but Obasanjo's gang ambushes them and abducts Wikus. CJ, who remained hidden in the dropship, remotely activates the mother ship and a mecha alien battle suit in Obasanjo's base. The mecha suit guns down the Nigerian gangsters; Wikus enters the mecha suit and attempts to escape on his own. However, when he overhears Venter's order to kill Christopher, Wikus has a change of heart and returns to rescue Christopher from the mercenaries. Heading towards the dropship, the two come under heavy fire; Wikus decides to stay behind and fend off the mercenaries, buying time for Christopher and CJ to escape. Christopher promises to return and cure Wikus. After all of the other mercenaries are killed, Venter finally cripples the mecha suit, but several Prawns kill and dismember him before he can summarily execute Wikus. Christopher makes it into the dropship with CJ, and the dropship is levitated via a tractor beam back into the mothership, which finally leaves Earth. Wikus disappears, the MNU's medical experiments are exposed to the public, and the aliens are moved to a labour camp called *District 10*. Tania finds a handcrafted metal flower on her doorstep, giving her hope that Wikus is still alive. Wikus, now fully transformed into a Prawn, is shown in a wrecking yard crafting more flowers for his wife. ### Cast {{Cite web |last=Swietek |first=Frank |title=Interviews: Neill Blomkamp and Sharlto Copley on \"District 9\" |url=http://www.oneguysopinion.com/InterviewsResults.php?ID=451 |date=7 August 2009 |website=One Guy's Opinion |access-date=11 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914050308/http://www.oneguysopinion.com/InterviewsResults.php?ID=451 |archive-date=14 September 2009}}</ref>\n* [Jason Cope] as Christopher \"Chris\" Johnson, a District 9 prawn who assists Wikus in fighting MNU.\n** Cope also played UKNR Chief Correspondent Grey Bradnam and all the aliens<ref name=\"5things\">{{Cite web |url=http://io9.com/5341120/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-district-9 |title=5 Things You Didn't Know About District 9 |date=19 August 2009 |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=IO9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033624/http://io9.com/5341120/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-district-9 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |last1=Woerner |first1=Meredith }}</ref>\n* [David James (South African actor)|David James] as Colonel Koobus Venter, an aggressive, sadistic, and speciesist [private military company] (PMC) mercenary-soldier sent to capture Wikus. He is shown as taking pleasure in killing the aliens and responding brutally to anyone who opposes him.\n* Vanessa Haywood as Tania Smit-van de Merwe, Wikus's wife.\n* [Mandla Gaduka] as Fundiswa Mhlanga, Wikus's assistant and trainee during the eviction\n* [Eugene Wanangwa Khumbanyiwa] as Obesandjo, a paralyzed [Psychopathy|psychopathic] Nigerian [crime boss] who believes that eating alien body parts will enable him to operate their weapons\n* Louis Minnaar as Piet Smit, managing director of MNU South Africa and Wikus's father-in-law\n* [Kenneth Nkosi] as Thomas, an MNU security guard and good friend of Wikus\n* [William Allen Young] as Dirk Michaels, the [CEO] of MNU\n* [Nathalie Boltt] as Sarah Livingstone, a sociologist at [Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park] University\n* [Sylvaine Strike] as Katrina McKenzie, a doctor from the Department of Social Assistance\n* John S